Andy Foggo, Jerry Franklin, Kevin Gaston, Charles Godfray, Sue Hartley, Marcel
Holyoak, Jim Hone, Peter Hudson, Johannes Knops, Xavier Lambin, Svata Louda,
Peter Morin, Steve Ormerod, Richard Sibly, Andrew Watkinson, Jacob Weiner, and
David Wharton. Shuningdek, Jane Andrew, Elizabeth Frank, Rosie Hayden, Delia
Sandford and Nancy Whilton tabiayatti qorgawdin ilimiy teoriyaliq tiykarlari
haqqinda piker juritken. Ekologiya biologiya panlari qatarina kirip óz aldina pán
esaplanadi. Ekologiya tusinigin pánge birinshi bolip 1869 - jilda nemis biologi
E.Gekkel tárepinen kiritilgen.
Ekologiya – yunoncha sóz bólib, uning mánosi tirik organizmlarning yashash
sharoiti yoki tashqi muhit bilan ózaro munosabatini bildiradi. “Ekologiya” – latinsha
so‘z bolib, “oykos” – uy, jay, makon hám “logos” – ilimt, - degen mánislerdi
bildiredi.
Ekologiya bul - organizmler hám olardiń qorshaǵan ortaliq penen óz-ara
baylanista bolatuǵin qatnasiqlardi uyreniletuǵin taraw esaplanadi. Ekologlar bolsa
usi baylanisti uyrenetuǵin alimlardur.1
The word ‘ecology’ was first used by Ernest Haeckel in 1869.
Paraphrasing Haeckel we can describe ecology as the scientificstudy of the
interactions between organisms and their environment.The word is derived from the
Greek oikos, meaning‘home’. Ecology might therefore be thought of as the study
ofthe ‘home life’ of living organisms.
John Harper has very reasonablydecided that the attractions of retirement and
grandfatherhoodoutweigh those of textbook co-authorship. For the twoof us who
remain, there is just one benefit: it allows us to recordpublicly not only what a great
pleasure it has been to havecollaborated with John over so many years, but also just
how muchwe learnt from him. We cannot promise to have absorbed or, to
be frank, to have accepted, every one of his views; and we hopein particular, in
this fourth edition, that we have not strayed toofar from the paths through which he
has guided us. But if readersrecognize any attempts to stimulate and inspire rather
thansimply to inform, to question rather than to accept, to respectour readers rather
than to patronize them, and to avoid unquestioningobedience to current reputation
while acknowledgingour debt to the masters of the past, then they will have
identifiedJohńs intellectual legacy still firmly imprinted on the text.In previous
editions we thanked the great many friendsand colleagues who helped us by
commenting on various draftsof the text. The effects of their contributions are still
stronglyevident in the present edition. This fourth edition was also readby a series
of reviewers, to whom we are deeply grateful. Several
remained anonymous and so we cannot thank them by name,but we are
delighted to be able to acknowledge the help ofJonathan Anderson, Mike Bonsall,
Angela Douglas, ChrisElphick, Valerie Eviner, Andy Foggo, Jerry Franklin,
KevinGaston, Charles Godfray, Sue Hartley, Marcel Holyoak, JimHone, Peter
Hudson, Johannes Knops, Xavier Lambin, SvataLouda, Peter Morin, Steve
Ormerod,
Richard Sibly, AndrewWatkinson, Jacob Weiner, and David Wharton. At
Blackwell,and in the production stage, we were particularly helped andencouraged
by Jane Andrew, Elizabeth Frank, Rosie Hayden, DeliaSandford and Nancy Whilton
Michael Begon, Colin R.Townsend and John L.Harper.Ecology. UK.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 4 th edition, 2006. P.759. P. 9-12.
3-tiykarǵı sawal boyınsha oqıtıwshınıń maqseti.
Ekologiyaliq izertlewdin` ámelii áhimiyti mazmunın túsindiriw.
İdentiv oqıw maqsetleri.
3.1 Ekologiyanıń bólimlerin dáliyllep beredi
3.2 Biologiyalıq spektordıń mazmunın este saqlap qaladı.
3-tiykarǵı sawaldıń bayanı
Populiyatsiyalar, túrler, biotsenoz, biogeotsenoz, biosfera sıyaqlı túsinikler
ekologiya pániniń negizi esaplanadı. Sonıń ushın da ekologiya 4 bólimge bólip
úyreniledi.
1. Autekologiya-autos-grekshe soz bolıp, ózi degen mánisti bildiredi. Ayırım
túrlerdiń olar jasap turǵan ortalıq penen múnásibetin, túrlerdiń qanday ortalıqqa
kóbirek beyimleskenligin úyrenedi.